Evolusi Uang dan Perkembangan Keuangan Publik dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam: Kajian Historis dan Institusional

Abstract

This study examines the historical evolution of money and the development of public finance within Islamic economic thought through a comprehensive literature review. By synthesizing classical sources, historiographical records, and contemporary scholarly analyses, the research highlights how Islamic monetary and fiscal institutions emerged in response to the socio-economic dynamics of pre-Islamic civilizations such as Rome and Persia. The findings show that early Islamic governance introduced ethical and redistributive mechanisms—particularly through zakat, jizyah, kharaj, and the institutional role of Bayt al-Māl—to establish social justice, stabilize economic structures, and correct inequities embedded in earlier fiscal systems. The review demonstrates that standardization of currency, accountability practices, and administrative reforms played crucial roles in sustaining economic stability during the early Islamic period and various subsequent dynasties. Moreover, the comparison of fiscal institutions reveals fundamental differences in administrative orientation, redistribution mechanisms, and ethical foundations across civilizations. Contemporary literature further affirms that well-governed Islamic fiscal instruments and modern Baitul Mal institutions continue to contribute significantly to poverty alleviation, community empowerment, and equitable economic development. Overall, the study emphasizes that Islamic public finance is rooted in normative principles designed to ensure justice, transparency, and balanced wealth distribution across society.